Characteristics of the Main Microphone Types - The Basics

The Dynamic Microphone 

- Generally have a slower transient response and lower sensitivity to more subtle sounds, this is largely down to their heavy moving parts

- Suffer from a general limited frequency range especially in the top end of the frequency spectrum

- More durable and robust then other types, this makes them a good choice for gigs

- Low levels of sensitivity (mV/Pa) means they are good for high impact and loud sound sources

- High SPL tolerance levels, this also makes them a safe option for a louder sound

The Condenser Microphone  

- Generally have a faster response rate to transients which gives a harder sound, lighter moving parts

- Tend to offer a broader Frequency response then Dynamics

- Require phantom power to work

- Higher sensitivity means they are able to pick up quieter sounds and be placed further away from the sound

- High Sensitivity also means they usually have a prominent proximity effect 

- Usually they are unable to handle high levels of SPL and are physically more fragile too

The Ribbon Microphone

- Generally fast response rate to transients and good at picking up subtleties 

- Give a 'warm' tone as they have a limited high frequency response

- Can require phantom power but usually don't 

- Very, very fragile - usually not suited to high levels of SPL

- Proximity effect can increase bass response if sound source is close

Reference - Ferreira, CL (2013). Music Production: Recording. Burlington: Focal Press. p17-22.

Images (Top to Bottom): 
- http://www.simplifiedevents.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/BETA57.jpg
- http://www.dv247.com/assets/products/61034_l.jpg
- http://www.proaudiodesign.com/image.php?type=P&id=1088